Video Transcript: Networking and Communication

Hello and welcome back to Introduction to Information Systems. We are in week  five already with our networking and communication module. So we're going to  talk this week about all that communication that happens. But first what I would  really like to do is to start us off in a little prayer, like we usually do. So if you'd  like to join me in prayer, Dear Heavenly Father, I would like to thank you for  each and every learner who comes across this content. I'd ask you to to bless  them as as they go about learning these new topics and incorporating them into  their life and to their homes, into their workplaces, into their ministries. This  week, especially Lord, we are talking about networking and the importance of  communication together and growing and learning together. And I pray that we  can all use this content to best connect with each other, to for the benefit of you  and your kingdom, that we can use these tools that have been given to us for  connection, for to feel connected like we never have before Lord, and that that  this, course, Hopefully, we'll be giving someone the tools to do that, and for that,  we will be really grateful. So please look over us as we learn, and we're just so  thankful. In your heavenly name, we pray amen. So let's jump in and we are  going to be. Here we go. We are in week five, networking and communication,  so talking about the learning objectives of what we're going to be doing this  week. Here we go, by the end of this lecture, hopefully we're going to be able to  understand the history and the development of the technologies that help us  network. And of course, network is just another way of saying to communicate,  to be able to have a message transmitted to somebody and pick it up. On the  other end, being able to really have that good communication. So we're going to  understand the history of that communication with technology and how that's  going to be developing in the future. There are so many really intricate, nuanced vocabulary, much like last week talking about the data this week, when talking  about networking, there's just some key terms that we're going to need to really  brush up on to really make sure that we understand and that we're speaking  knowledgeably, especially when if we are in a room of decision makers, and we  want to be a contributing voice to those conversations, we need to really be able to speak knowledgeably about networking and how those concepts work  together. So we'll be able to identify some of those key terms and define those  we're going to be able to understand the importance of broadband technologies. For some of us, we don't remember anything before broadband technologies.  Some of us certainly remember the dial up sound happening to get us on the  internet. And some people remember, you know, life before the internet. So  we're going to talk about the importance of what broadband has really meant  and continues to mean for us as a society and as a global entity. And then we're  going to describe organizational networking for in our workplace and our for  enterprise networking within your organizations. So that's on the agenda, and  let's jump right in first talk about a brief history of the internet here. There we go,  and we're starting with that ARPANET, if we go all the way down into in the 50s, 

and this is going to be Advanced Research Projects, agency, network. So the  ARPA and the which evolved into ARPANET research projects was the first  Wide Area packet switch network with distributed control, and one of the first  networks to implement the TCPIP protocol suite. Probably thinking, What are  you saying? We're going to get into that, into the protocols right now and talk  about TCP and IP protocols. But this is where it started, and this was first used  for DOD and military purposes. These were for pentagon, Pentagon funded  research projects that this structure was put into place, and then, as you. See as we get closer and closer to the development of the World Wide Web, once we  get to the 1995 area, that's going to be where we're going to pick up on the next  slide. But so starting for a very specific, you know, military purposes,  government funded projects. And then you can see as we evolve here, around  the timeline to when we have our internet that we know now and the World Wide Web. So in the 80s, we'd see that those primary Internet users were still  government, research organizations, academic purposes, wasn't really the  recreational internet that you would think of now, although there's certainly still  academic and government and research applications in the internet, certainly, it  certainly isn't filled With the video of cats like it is now. So at the dawn of email,  once email was, you know, come onto this scene. Do you remember when we  were talking about killer applications two modules ago for software? This was  one of those things where once email became a thing, people would go ahead  and get the device and the personal computer specifically just for email  capabilities. That's when it really was was taken off. So there was a graduate  student at the time, Tim Berners Lee, you might recognize his name. He needed a way to link his dissertations and his advisors comments together, to have  hypertext, to be able to have two things talk to each other and link up. And so  this became the World Wide Web Project, and that's when Mosaic and Netscape Navigator were first on the scene, in 1994 it's when you're going to see the  internet and the World Wide Web really making a more of a home, home  application. I'm going to, here we go, as a little sidebar. So when we were talking about the TCP and the IP protocol. This was designed, really to allow networks  that were running on different protocols to have an intermittent intermediary  protocol that would allow them to communicate so a common language that they had among them, so as long as your network supports TCPIP, you could  communicate with all the other networks that were running TCP and IP. So it  became a standard protocol, and it allowed networks to communicate with each  other. So this breakthrough is how we got that term internet, which really just  means interconnected network of networks. So it's actually different from the  internet. Is different from the World Wide Web. All those, those do get thrown  around together. So there you go, TCP, Transmission Control Protocol. TCP is  with the IP Internet Protocol more than you ever wanted to know, right? All right,  as we move forward here, we're going to talk about some internet vocabulary, 

and this, I'm sorry it's a little dry but some of these words you will recognize, and some of these words you might recognize that you've been using incorrectly,  and we want to go ahead and remedy that so that you are really knowledgeable  in your in your workplaces and in your homes, and that you can move some of  these projects forward with, you know, just the right information. So we've got a  couple things here that you might have heard before. We've got a packet. So a  packet is that fundamental unit of data that's transmitted over the internet. So  when a device intends to send a message to another device, for example,  maybe your computer wants to send a request to YouTube to open up a video,  you click the video, and you're trying to get it to open your computer will break  down that message into smaller pieces called little packets. Each packet has  your IP address, the destination address, and a sequence number and a piece  of the overall message to be sent. So it's like a little code that says, here's who  the person is, here's the final destination, here's what they want. It's the packet.  It's breaking down your message into a smaller, manageable chunk to be sent.  All right, we see next is the hub, which I don't think I put up there. So we're  going to do. Skip it and go to the bridge. Sorry about that. Bridge is a network  device that connects two networks together and only allows packets through  that are needed. It's kind of like a bouncer in a club. So it's going to be  connecting those two networks, but it's not a free for all that you can request  anything you want. It is going to be filtering those those packets only allowing  through the ones that are necessary. The next one is a switch. And if you've  heard of an internet switch, that's going to be a network device that connects  multiple devices together and filters packets based on their destination within  the connected devices. So having that filter in place is really going to allow you  to control the final destination of your request. Okay, the router. Hopefully, if you  have home internet, you would have seen seen this word router, which is often  interchangeably. You know you might use this incorrectly with your there's,  there's so many things that you, as you as you're putting in your home internet,  but your, what your router is, is a device that receives and analyzes packets and then it routes them towards their destination. So it's different than your modem,  which is what I couldn't think of a second ago in some sec. In some cases, a  router is going to send a packet to another router. Sometimes it'll send it directly  to its destination. So it's kind of like the post office of this of your internet  connection and a post office of the network. The router does just that. It routes  the packets of information where they need to go, the IP address. So every  mobile device, or every doesn't have to be a mobile device, every digital device  that communicates on the Internet, whether it's a PC, whether it's a tablet, a  smartphone, anything else is assigned a unique identifying number called an IP  so I'm sure you've seen an IP address which is a list of numbers and periods.  And historically, the IP address has been an IP version four, which has four  numbers between zero and 255, and then there's a period like so. An example 

would be, I'm looking at my IP address right now, one, zero, 7.2 3.19 6.166 that  would be an example of an IP address. That is, it is mine right now where I am  working. It has geographic implications. It can be routed back to my processing  

unit, to where I have my internet connection. But the number of IP addresses  needed have gotten to the point now where that version four, all the addresses  are going to be exhausted, right? So there's we're just going to run out. So it led  to the new IP version six standard, which is currently being phased in, and  actually is well on its way of being phased in. And that's formatted as eight  groups, four hexadecimal digits. And so the much longer IP address, and you're  going to see in in that there is, there are alpha alphanumeric characters as well.  So the version six standard has a limit of gosh, the amount of possible  addresses is 3.4 times to the 1038 power so there's a lot of options. So we  should be good for a while on the version six of IP addressing. Next we have  domain name. If you had to try to remember the IP address of every web server  you wanted to access, the internet would not be a fun place for you and would  not be very easy to use. So the domain name is a human friendly name for a  device on the internet. So it generally consists of some descriptive text followed  by a top level domain for TLD. For example, let's say we want to go to  Wikipedia. I don't recommend going to Wikipedia for really academic research,  but it sure does have a lot of good information for us. So let's just use Wikipedia  as an example. Wikipedia's domain name is wikipedia.org, and then they  describe the organization. The Wikipedia describes what you're looking for, and  then the .org is the top level domain. So a lot of places that you're going to go,  and most of them will have a .com some will have a .net a .gov depending on  where you are, a .ca for a Canadian site. You know there's, there's all kinds of  these TLDs that. Is top level domains, which is the dot, whatever, so something  that describes it, and then that TLD, top level domain, which all comes together  for your domain name system. DNS, almost done, we are at packet switching.  And this is when a packet. So that tiny bit of information is sent from one device  out over the internet. It doesn't follow a straight path to its destination, though.  Instead, it gets passed from one router to another across the Internet until it  reaches its final destination. So sometimes two packets from the same message will take different routes, even which so your your request is really broken down  into small pieces, and sometimes they don't get there the same way. Hopefully  they'll both arrive at the same location. We have to sometimes they'll arrive out  of order. But when this happens, the receiving device restores them back to their receiving order. Those that coding is is done so that those packets could be put  back together. And so that's packet switching when it just takes a takes a couple of turns on their way to their final destination. Finally, we have protocol, and  we've used this word a couple times here when we talked about IP, but this is in  computer networking a protocol. It's going to be the set of rules that allows two  or more devices to exchange information back and forth across the network. So,

so that set of rules is going to be important, just so that there there are ground  rules as we're exchanging that information in a network, and there's all kinds of  different networks that we're going to be talking about in just a minute, intranet,  

extranet. You know, we can't make it simple for you. We have to make sure that  there's lots of options. So hopefully, hopefully these vocabulary, maybe some of  them were very familiar to already. Maybe this is all brand new information. You  will likely see these again. There is in quizzes and things. But just want to make  sure that you can speak knowledgeably. If someone is asking you about a  

packet, you'll automatically know that's a very tiny piece of information that's  being sent across the internet in IP address, you're going to know what that  looks like and why the numbers are getting bigger right now, instead of the  version four, why did we move to a version six? You're going to have that  background knowledge and hopefully be able to speak knowledgeably about  these things. So that was our vocabulary lesson. And so I'm sure you would love to move on from the vocab, so let's do that. Talk about internet usage over time.  I'm going to let you see the whole thing here, and this is going to be if we look  back at January over the last 10 years. This is in millions. So number of internet  users in millions, year over year change. So if we look back into 2012 from 2012 to 2013 almost a 12% increase in internet users over the globe. This is a global  overview. Keep in mind, this isn't just for for a national view. And so when we  look here going forward, I mean, there's substantial growth each year, and it  kind of varies. But once we get to January of 2022, if you look at that number,  4950 keep in mind that's in millions, which means there are 4.9 5 billion internet  users in January of 2022, according to Hootsuite and we are social who did  this? We're part of an advisory board of looking at internet usage across the  globe. And so if you look at why we have some really robust percentage gains,  and now they seem to kind of be trending down. Could possibly just be for  complete saturation. You know, if an area is online, it's online. So as as more  and more people are getting and staying online and being able to see these,  these benefits of being connected and of networking, you know, I think we're  going to continue to see that trend up until it really just has reached complete  saturation. Because 4.9 5 billion people is quite a lot of people. So just to give  you an idea, when we're talking about these things of being online and being  connected, these are we're talking about the vast majority of people in general.  So being online. We talked about back in the early 90s, the USF, the Science  Foundation, dropped oversight internet oversight to the government. So the  government came out of policing that they were overseeing the internet, which  opened up e-commerce quite a bit, and in doing so, there we go, in doing so,  once that the E-commerce really opened up, it really had a frenzy of people  starting business Internet businesses, people investing in Internet businesses.  And if you've heard of the .com bubble in the early 90s, this was, this was when  that happened, of certainly many, many businesses failing and people losing a 

lot of money. And there were, if you look at the percentages of businesses that  succeeded and have staying power during that time. Amazon is one that really  comes out as a success story from that time period. But there were so many  that failed and some lessons learned there as part of that .com bubble with, you  know the bubble, meaning it was growing and growing, kind of this unregulated  growth that wasn't at a healthy speed, and people kind of jumping into this e commerce without being fully prepared, and so the bubble just kept growing until it wasn't sustainable. And they say that the .com bubble popped and and had  some very big failure stories coming out of that. So a lot of E business  companies needed to develop real business models that could, you know, as if  they were opening a brick and mortar shop or solution or service, to show that  they could survive financially using this technology, that there was some  education there and just some oversight, and, you know, just some standards in  place so that the consumers and the businesses would, all, you know, be  healthy. So that's kind of the history. If you've heard of the .com bubble at this  one when the internet was really starting to be quite a thing. That's what we're  talking about. If you've heard of web 2.0 first, let's start at web 1.0 so before we  before we talk about 2.0 web 1.0 was more static. Pages on the internet, you  could go, you could glean information, go to a web page which was static, and  read the information that was there, take away what you wanted. It was not an  interactive experience. There was no comment. Comment section in the web  web 1.0 so if you created a web page in the early days of web 1.0 you were  considered a webmaster. You could create a web page. You knew how to use  the HTML language to create content as part of website pages. Creating a  domain name, you were the webmaster, but other people wanted in on this party too. So others wanted to create on the internet. They saw the potential, but they  didn't have those skills. They weren't webmasters. So eventually web 2.0 was  born. And what this did is it allowed regular people to go on and leave their  footprint on the internet. They could interact with some of these, some of these  websites. This is when the the year of the era of the blog, was born. Sites like  Blogger, where you could go in. You click Create, and you started typing, and  you push publish. You didn't have to know the HTML code for how to set up a  page and how to have a colored background and how to center your text and  how to insert, you know, spaces between your lines. It was all kind of templated  for you, and as part of web 2.0 things like Blogger, things like Wikipedia, where  you could log in, leave your two cents, push save, push submit, push publish,  and you were part of authoring the internet. And when that happened, that's  when organizations like MySpace really took off. Anybody there Remember  MySpace? I really loved changing my songs on MySpace to really, like,  dramatic, passive, aggressive, emotional things. If I was really sad, I would pick  a sad song so people would write, what's wrong that ridiculous MySpace era.  I'm kind of glad that's a thing of the past at this point. But, man, 2003 I got me 

some MySpace photo bucket being able to go on and just dump all your pictures online and be part of the internet, of posting pictures on there that people could  log in and see what you had created that was in 2003 as well. Flickr, the same  kind of photo sharing place on the internet and 2004. 2004 also brought us, of  course, Facebook, where we could, as part of web 2.0 you could interact with  the internet without being a professional webmaster. You could go in, write on  your wall, push, publish, upload pictures, make comments and change things  about your profile without really being an expert in the field. So as part of web  2.0 definitely, Facebook made it. Made its mark. Wordpress in 2005 if you ever  had a WordPress website, made it very easy to have a templated website. You  could actually create a whole site with multiple pages on your own without those those webmaster skill sets, same with Tumblr in 2006 and, of course, in 2006  the advent of Twitter. So then, you know, once Twitter was born, everyone  needed to know what you ate for breakfast and what you plan to have for lunch  and what your opinion was of the dress that someone wore to an awards dinner. So all of these things kind of gave people a voice. So when web 2.0 was born,  we knew that it had really taken hold when Time Magazine named you. It's  Person of the Year in 2006 because you meant all of you. You were authoring  the internet. You are interacting. You are creating. You are making things that  weren't there yesterday and they are there today because you put your footprint  on the internet because of web 2.0 now we're seeing web 3.0 at this point in  time, which, you know, takes this class in a couple years, and we'll look back on  this time fondly and do the same kind of thing. We go. I've been saying how you  heard me saying that the internet and the World Wide Web, they're not the same thing. They do get thrown around kind of interchangeably, but they're definitely  not the same thing. Internet and World Wide Web, or if you say the web really,  they're not the same thing at all. The internet is an interconnected network of  networks. Okay? The World Wide Web is one part of the internet, if that makes  sense. So many services run across the internet, email, voicemail, videos, file  transfers, and the World Wide Web. So the internet is a more, higher, higher  arching entity. So if you, if you look at, if you're one of those people, like I even  did during this lecture, of using the web interchangeably with the Internet. It's  just not a correct statement. So we know that the internet exists. And then if we  drill down a little further, the World Wide Web is one part of the internet that you  can go to leap forward to broadband connection. We go. And with the growth of  broadband, if we look at the 70s and 80s, people used dial up modems to  connect to the computer. If you had the opportunity, there we go, if you had the  opportunity to be one of those people who can very distinctly remember that  sound of a dial up modem right now, you know that it tied up your phone lines if  you were trying to be online or someone in your household needed to make a  phone call, you needed to end your internet session to use the phone line was  very slow. Its speed was measured in BPS bytes per second. Then we had the 

cable or DSL, which offered higher speeds satellite in certain areas, also you  could use for this. And then the broadband connection. The broadband isn't a  type of connection. It doesn't mean that you're using a cable or an optic wire. It  just means that you have a connection that's faster than 256,000 bps. And that's a very minimal standard at this point, speeds are much higher now, typically for  a connection that you would have the average home broadband speed. These is between three and 30 Mbps. Now, if we think back to our going to our prefixes,  that's going to be our mega bps, which is is much faster than the than the BPS.  So we've, we've kind of outgrown this we might need to up what indicates  broadband, and then it has enabled growth of new businesses and ways that  people use the technology, just because, the faster you know, faster our internet  connection is, the more easily we can transfer files, we can communicate across long distances, we can share documents, we can do all these things that we that weren't possible before this high level of broadband. Now, in 2011 in Geneva, it  was decided there was a summit, Internet Summit, and it was kind of  determined that having access to a broadband internet connection was no  longer a luxury, that was a basic human right. So if you think of how far we've  come, if we look back to in the 50s, where the internet was or the ARPANET  was going to be just that military context, and you're thinking DOD, you're  thinking Pentagon funded projects that were not in our homes. You know, we  weren't playing games across countries and doing those kind of things on the  internet. From there, within a 60 year span, going from from that to it's a basic  human right for everyone globally to have access to not just the internet, but to  broadband connections. You know, faster than 256 bps. It's pretty incredible. Of  that growth in just 60 years. And you just wonder how fast you know, how much  faster could it get? I guess we'll see. All right, let's talk about wireless internet  connections. There we go. There we go. And wireless Internet connections.  We're talking about either Wi Fi or mobile networking. So the difference of this,  of course, you know, if you're on your smartphone or your tablet and you or your home computer, you connect to Wi Fi. A lot of people are doing this from home  or from work. The mobile networking is when you're actually using your cell  phone data. Think about if you're if you're not connected to Wi Fi and still on the  internet, that would be your mobile networking, and then Bluetooth and voice  this VoIP, the voice over internet protocol is going to be having sounds  converted to a digital format for transmission over the internet. So think using  Skype, using Google Hangouts, things that aren't necessarily you know, you  don't have a telephone call, but your information, and in terms of the input of  your voice, is being communicated over the internet for that voice enabled  wireless networking. So just one more way to do that. All right? So to talk about  some organizational networking. So if you were not confused already by let's  say there's a difference between the world wide web and the internet, let's throw a monkey wrench in there an hour and we're going to talk about the intranet, the

extranet and the Internet all different things. So we're going to look at the  internet first. This is just within an organization, okay? And this is if your  organization has a really closed network that you can only communicate with  each other and share data with each other in that closed network. It's not open  Internet. You can't give someone the the DNS address, and they would be able  to find it. This is this is a closed you need a login and password to get in. This is  an intranet. An extranet is still private. It's not the open web, but it allows  partners into your network for specific things, like if you have a supply chain  management issue you need a vendor to come into a conversation that would  be useful here for this extranet. So it's a little more broad, but still private. Let's  say you had you wanted to give someone temporary access, then you would  just give them a a private connection. I'm going to ask my friend off camera that  thing you use to keep a private connection. Thank you. Couldn't think of it, VPN.  So they would, they would issue a VPN to that employee if they wanted them to  have access to the extranet, but so it keeps that private status, they would give  them a VPN to use. And then finally, as we get bigger, you can see the outer  ring. Here is the internet. And we're going to here's where about the we go. So  in the very center of that circle, you can see the LAN, which is a local network.  It's usually operating in the same building or on the same campus. And then  when an organization needs to provide a network over a wider area. They're  using a WAN, which is just a wide area network. Just depends on the need of  the intranet or the extranet, all right, so sometimes the organization will need to  allow someone who's not physically located to gain access. Again, like we said,  it's going to be that virtual private network, the VPN and we're going to be  talking about VPNs a lot more in chapter six next week, in week six, because  we're going to be talking all about security, and VPNs are going to be a big part  of what we're discussing next week. So we'll get into that. But you can see in the visual here, kind of the benefits of using one over the other. So if you want a  totally closed network versus a partially closed network, both are private and  both allow for collaboration, but on one end, it's just your employees  collaborating, and the others, it's also with partners. So we're going to move  right along to a server farm or a data farm, and visual here, sorry, it's not the  best graphic. It's just a visual representation of where these server farms and  these data centers are located across the globe, and these are Google data  centers. And I here's what those are. So that map was these big, centralized  cooling centers of data. So where all those packets that we were talking about  earlier, those tiny pieces of information that get broken apart into their smallest  pieces in these packets and then sent to their final destinations to be put  together again. These data farms are where that happens. So these fjord cooled data center in Norway is the world's greatest data center. You can see here  cooled you know, these, as you can imagine, these processors are create  tremendous amounts of heat. So Facebook is building a server farm at the Arctic

Circle to battle this. You know, there's some companies are really getting  creative to do that by taking advantage naturally occurring climate the data  center can be much more environmentally friendly instead of a total drain so  other economies that a large facility can offer in terms of a data farm labor, since the labor is effectively outsourced, you don't have to pay for as many people to  maintain the data center. And then, of course, you can have scaling, since the  cloud company has a giant server base, if your firm needs more or less  computing power, that company using dynamic scaling can increase or  decrease on the fly, kind of like a just in time basis, but for data, and then  backup and recovery, as we see here, and then cost so all the above, all these  things, can have a significant cost savings to your company in using these data  farms in a third party, rather than trying to house an entire server, a secure  server with all these climate controlled conditions on your own as an  organization. All right, cloud. Computing. We talked about cloud computing a lot  in the previous two modules. It does have implications here for networking as  well. So we're going to just touch on that for for the cloud computing. Here's  some problems. So we already talked about all the benefits that we get from  cloud computing. Security is definitely an issue. Access. If you lose internet  power, it's over. If you can't save to the cloud, if your device is not participating  in an active internet connection, it's not always it's not always easy, and service  from a giant host might not be as good as what you would get in house. If you're using Amazon Web Services, it might not be as personalized as you would  attend to it in your own organization, of course, and then you are locked into a  specific service provider for a certain amount of time if you do agree to cloud.  Computing. So that's not just storage. Remember, this can be computing  activities where you're processing large amounts of data that you could not do in house. You don't have the processing speed, so you would go to a third party for that. And so here are the potential problems with cloud computing. all right,  services from the cloud. So we've got platform as a service, a PaaS Software as a Service. I'm sure you've heard of the SaaS the software as a service, and  Infrastructure as a Service. So it's not just like goods and services you're  purchasing, you're actually purchasing the processing power, the storage power, virtual machines, the AI needed to run these as a service features. So if you are  a cloud client, you have access now to offer, offer your clients big CRM and and  email platforms, and you can make applications to offer your clients where you  don't have to be an expert, like we said, you don't have to be a webmaster in  order to make a website the same way. Now, you don't have to be an expert to  offer your clients or your family, even some of these larger machine learning  capabilities AI and some of these other servers that you would only have access to in the cloud with this group sharing mentality. So do you remember we were  talking about Moore's Law two modules ago? We talked about how the  processing speed, there we go. The processing speed really did catch up every 

two years that it doubled in speed, and how they said in 2022 they thought  maybe Moore's law would would be dead, which has not been the case yet, and  we're looking still at a very positive trajectory for that. So this is going to be  pretty similar to Moore's law. How that describes computing power increasing.  We'll talk about Metcalfe's law. And Metcalf's law states that the value of  telecommunication network is proportional to the square of the number of  connected users of the system, which is a tricky way to say, if none of your  friends were on Facebook, would you bother to ever log into Facebook?  Probably not. That's the benefit of having a connected network and the drive of  being there. If nobody at your workplace or your school or your family used  email? Would you find a need to get a computer and have that killer app that we  talked about to buy an email for, I'm sorry, to buy a computer for the killer app of  email? The application probably not so Metcalfe's law tries to quantify that value  of people bringing people. And as you saw that graphic of 4.9 5 billion internet  users in January of 2022, Metcalfe's law seems to still be right on in its  predictions. So once you see, if you see that Metcalfe's Law, think of Moore's  law, but instead of processing speed, we are talking about the benefit of  connected telecommunication networks. All right, which brings us to, sorry. Hang on. There we go, mic check. Hope that didn't hurt. Sorry. Our summary that we  are we have reviewed the history of the internet and the development of  networking technologies, where we came from, where we're going, in terms of  being interconnected and having these networks together, we defined those key  terms associated with networking technologies. We talked about packets and  addresses and all of those internet protocols and things that can have those  nuanced differences in definition. And so for you to be able to go into a room full  of decision makers and speak knowledgeably about these nuanced differences  in vocabulary to really set you apart. And hopefully, we talked about, hopefully  you've got those distinctions in technology, in definitions. We reviewed the  importance of the broadband technology, and even went so far as to in 2011  how at the Geneva summit that access to a broadband connection was  considered a basic human right, which is a massive leap forward from the 50s,  when it was just in a military wish, instead of a Home Basic right for those all  around the globe. And then we described organizational networking at a high  level, and kind of what that looks like, and the pros and cons of cloud computing in terms of networking. So hopefully you've got it. So next week, we're going to  be coming through with Information Systems Security or so the VPNs are going  to be back next week, along with lots of other topics that are going to help keep  our organizations, our families, as safe as possible and as productive as  possible when using some of these networking technologies. So looking forward to seeing you next week, and thank you so much.