Reading: Perfect Participles (Textbook)
Perfect Participles
You will be able to—
1. understand how the participle works in English and Greek as a verbal adjective, adverb, and substantive;
2. recognize and write the participle forms in the active, middle, and passive paradigms;
3. translate perfect participle forms and be able to recognize and translate periphrastics and genitive absolutes;
4. gain more practice in translating and working with Greek; and
5. master ten more high-frequency vocabulary words.
Introduction
Perfect participles are used when the action being described is a state of being frontground or “dwelled upon”. Perfect participles can be translated by using the helping verb “having” (e.g., having spoken). When used adverbially, the temporal preposition “after” may be used (e.g., after having driven). It also may be simultaneous (“while”), causal (“because”), instrumental (“by”) or concessive (“even though”).
Perfect Participle Forms
The perfect participle is formed from the perfect stem (fourth principal part). In the masculine and neuter -οτ is added to the stem, followed by the third declension endings. In the feminine -υι is added to the stem, followed by the first declension endings:
Reduplication |
Stem |
Perfect |
Ptc. |
Third declension |
Masc./Neut. participle |
λε + |
λυ + |
κ + |
οτ + |
ος = |
λελυκότος |
Perfect middle/passive participles use the same endings as the present middle/passive participles (-μεν + 2-1-2 declension endings). The only difference is that the perfect participles are built on the perfect stem and have a perfect reduplication on the front and there is no connecting vowel.
Reduplication |
Stem |
Mid./Pass. Ptc. |
Second declension |
Masc. participle |
λε + |
λυ + |
μεν + |
ος = |
λελυμένος |
Perfect Active Participles (be able to recognize)
|
3 |
1 |
3 |
Singular |
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
Nom. |
λελυκώς |
λελυκυῖα |
λελυκός |
Gen. |
λελυκότος |
λελυκυίας |
λελυκότος |
Dat. |
λελυκότι |
λελυκυίᾳ |
λελυκότι |
Acc. |
λελυκότα |
λελυκυῖαν |
λελυκός |
Plural |
|
|
|
Nom. |
λελυκότες |
λελυκυῖαι |
λελυκότα |
Gen. |
λελυκότων |
λελυκυιῶν |
λελυκότων |
Dat. |
λελυκόσι(ν) |
λελυκυίαις |
λελυκόσι(ν) |
Acc. |
λελυκότας |
λελυκυίας |
λελυκότα |
Perfect Middle/Passive Participles
|
2 |
1 |
2 |
Singular |
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
Nom. |
λελυμένος |
λελυμένη |
λελυμένον |
Gen. |
λελυμένου |
λελυμένης |
λελυμένου |
Dat. |
λελυμένῳ |
λελυμένῃ |
λελυμένῳ |
Acc. |
λελυμένον |
λελυμένην |
λελυμένον |
Plural |
|
|
|
Nom. |
λελυμένοι |
λελυμέναι |
λελυμένα |
Gen. |
λελυμένων |
λελυμένων |
λελυμένων |
Dat. |
λελυμένοις |
λελυμέναις |
λελυμένοις |
Acc. |
λελυμένους |
λελυμένας |
λελυμένα |
Contract verbs the vowel lengthens
ἠγαπηκώς, ἠγαπηκότος, . . . (Masc.)
ἠγαπηκυῖα, ἠγαπηκυίας . . . (Fem.)
ἠγαπηκός, ἠγαπηκότος . . . (Neut.)
ἠγαπημένος (Masc.), ἠγαπημένη (Fem.), ἠγαπημένον (Neut.) ...
Second Perfect Participles
Several verbs form their perfect participles from an irregular stem. They are all active and are fairly rare. You should be aware that they occur and be able to recognize them. Here are three examples:
γίνομαι |
γεγονώς, -ότος |
ἔρχομαι |
ἐληλυθώς, -ότος |
πείθω |
πεποιθώς, -ότος |
Perfect οἶδα (I know) (Stevens, 323)
|
2 |
1 |
2 |
Singular |
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
Nom. |
εἰδώς |
εἰδυῖα |
εἰδός |
Gen. |
εἰδότος |
εἰδυίας |
εἰδότος |
Dat. |
εἰδότι |
εἰδυίᾳ |
εἰδότι |
Acc. |
εἰδότα |
εἰδυῖαν |
εἰδός |
Plural |
|
|
|
Nom. |
εἰδότες |
εἰδυῖαι |
εἰδότα |
Gen. |
εἰδότων |
εἰδυιῶν |
εἰδότων |
Dat. |
εἰδόσι(ν) |
εἰδυίαις |
εἰδόσι(ν) |
Acc. |
εἰδότας |
εἰδυίας |
εἰδότα |
Chant This: Perfect Active Participles
|
3 |
1 |
3 |
Nom. |
λελυκώς |
λελυκυῖα |
λελυκός |
Gen. |
λελυκότος |
λελυκυίας |
λελυκότος |
Perfect Middle/Passive Participles
|
2 |
1 |
2 |
Nom. |
λελυμένος |
λελυμένη |
λελυμένον |
Gen. |
λελυμένου |
λελυμένης |
λελυμένου |
Translation Examples
Ὁ μὲν γάμος ἕτοιμός ἐστιν, οἱ δὲ κεκλημένοι οὐκ ἦσαν ἄξιοι.
The wedding is ready, but those having been called were not worthy (Mat. 22:8).
τὸ γεγεννημένον ἐκ τῆς σαρκὸς σάρξ ἐστιν.
The one having been born of the flesh is flesh (Jn. 3:6).
ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τῷ τεθεραπευμένῳ, Σάββατόν ἐστιν.
Therefore the Jews were saying to him who had been cured, “It is the Sabbath” (Jn. 5:10).
Participle Translation Charts
Active Participle
Active Participle |
Adverbial has no Art.. |
Adjectival attributive has Art. before noun it modifies. |
Adjectival substantive has Art. but no noun. |
Present |
While loosing |
(The boy) who is loosing |
The one loosing |
Aorist |
After loosing |
(The girl) who was loosing |
The one who was loosing |
|
|
(The girl) who loosed |
The one who loosed |
Perfect |
After having loosed |
(The crowd) having loosed |
The ones having loosed |
Middle Participle
Middle Participle |
Adverbial has no Art. |
Adjectival attributive has Art. before noun it modifies. |
Adjectival substantive has Art. but no noun. |
Present |
While loosing himself |
(The boy) who is loosing himself |
The one loosing himself |
Aorist |
After loosing herself |
(The girl) who was loosing herself |
The one who was loosing himself |
|
|
(The girl) who loosed herself |
The one who loosed himself |
Perfect |
After having loosed themselves |
(The crowds) having loosed themselves |
The ones having loosed themselves |
As usual, the middle/deponents are translated as active//passives as passives.
Passive Participle
Passive Participle |
Adverbial has no Art. |
Adjectival attributive has Art. before noun it modifies. |
Adjectival substantive has Art. but no noun. |
Present |
While being loosed |
(The boy) who is being loosed |
The one being loosed |
Aorist |
After being loosed |
(The girl) who was being loosed |
The one who was being loosed |
Perfect |
After having been loosed |
(The crowd) having been loosed |
The ones having been loosed |
Introduction to Periphrastics
English often uses helping verbs to aid in designating verb tense (e.g., will go) or to specify a change in voice (e.g., he was led). While Greek usually indicates tense by prefixes and suffixes to the verb, it also uses εἰμί + participle to indicate a single verbal idea. εἰμί + participle is called a periphrastic construction.
Periphrastic Forms
Periphrastic constructions are formed with present and perfect participle forms. The εἰμί may be of any tense. When using the present participle, the tense of the εἰμί form matches the tense with which it is translated. With the perfect participle, the perfect tense uses the present forms of εἰμί, and the pluperfect tense uses the imperfect forms.
Gal. 1:23 (Imperfect εἰμί + present ptc.)
μόνον δὲ ἀκούοντες ἦσαν ὅτι
But only, they kept hearing that
Mat. 16:19 (Future εἰμί + perfect ptc.)
ἔσται δεδεμένον ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς
will have been bound in heaven (Hewitt, New Testament Greek, 151f.)
Translating Periphrastics
Translate the periphrastic form as the normal tense of the verb. While there may be an emphasis on continuous aspect of the verb, the context will determine if the aspect is the actual focus of the construction. Normally, however, translate periphrastic constructions like the regular verb tense (Mounce, Basics, 277). Note the absence of the aorist participle. Some think that it is because of the durative/continuous/process force reflected in the periphrastic. Porter observes that no elements may be inserted between the auxiliary verb (εἰμί) and the participle except those which complete or modify the participle (Porter, Idioms, 45).
Translated Tense |
Periphrastic Construction |
|
Present |
Present εἰμί |
+ Present participle |
Imperfect |
Imperfect εἰμί |
+ Present participle |
Future |
Future εἰμί |
+ Present participle |
Perfect |
Present εἰμί |
+ Perfect participle |
Pluperfect |
Imperfect εἰμί |
+ Perfect participle |
Future Perfect |
Future εἰμί |
+ Perfect participle |
Present εἰμί = εἰμί, εἶ, ἐστίν, ἐσμέν, ἐστέ, εἰσί(ν) (chap. 7) I am . . .
Future εἰμί = ἔσομαι, ἔσῃ, ἔσται, ἐσόμεθα, ἔσεσθε, ἔσονται (chap. 10) I will be . . .
Imperfect εἰμί = ἤμην, ἦς, ἦν, ἦμεν, ἦτε, ἦσαν (chap. 12) I was . . .
Genitive Absolutes
A genitive absolute links a participle and a noun or pronoun in the genitive case and is only loosely connected to the rest of the sentence. The subject of the sentence is not the subject of this participial construction. The construction Participle (gen.) + noun/pronoun (gen.) is called “absolute” from the Latin “absolutus,” which means “separated” (Mounce, Basics, 275). The genitive noun is often taken as the subject of the participle. This construction is used when there is a pronounced shift in characters in the narrative (“he/she” to a different “they” etc.)(Stevens, 300).
Participle (gen.) + noun/pronoun (gen.)
Genitive Absolute Translation Examples
Τοῦ δὲ Ἰησοῦ γενομένου ἐν Βηθανίᾳ ἐν οἰκίᾳ Σίμωνος τοῦ λεπροῦ, προσῆλθεν αὐτῷ γυνή
But when/after Jesus was in Bethany in the house of Simon the leper, a woman came . . . (Mat. 26:6–7).
ὁ γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐξένευσεν ὄχλου ὄντος ἐν τῷ τόπῳ.
For Jesus had withdrawn, a crowd being in the place (Jn. 5:13).
Vocabulary
ἀνοίγω |
I open (77) |
βαπτίζω |
I baptize (77) |
εὐαγγέλιον, -ου, τό |
gospel (76) |
μαρτυρέω |
I witness (76) |
πέμπω |
I send (79) |
πονηρός, -ά, -όν |
evil, bad (78) |
πρόσωπον, -ου, τό |
face (76) |
σημεῖον, -ου, τό |
sign, miracle (77) |
στόμα, -ατος, τό |
mouth (78) |
ὑπάγω |
I go away (79)
|