Minister Ordination (180): Reading: The General Public's Understanding of Elder

Elder selections of this article was taken from Wikipeda

An elder in Christianity is a person who is valued for wisdom and holds a position of responsibility in a Christian group. In some Christian traditions (e.g., Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, Methodism) an elder is an ordained person who usually serves a local church or churches and who has been ordained to a ministry of word, sacrament and order, filling the preaching and pastoral offices. In other Christian traditions (e.g., Presbyterianism, Baptists, Plymouth Brethren), an elder may be a lay person charged with serving as an administrator in a local , or be ordained to such an office, also serving in the preaching (in this case referring to teaching done during church gatherings) and/or pastoral roles. there is technically a distinction between the idea of ordained elders and lay elders, often the two concepts are conflated in everyday conversation (for example, a lay elder in the Baptist tradition may still be referred to as being "clergy", especially in America). Particularly in reference to age and experience, elders exist throughout world cultures,^[1][2] and the Christian sense of elder is partially related to this.

Elders in the Bible

Elders are mentioned in a number of New Testament passages. Individuals such as James had a significant role in the Jerusalem church and the Council of Jerusalem.^{[Acts 11:30]}^[15:2-6]^[15:22-23]^[16:4]^[21:18] In reference to churches in Antioch, Pisidia, Iconium, Lystra and Derbe, Paul appoints elders^{[Acts 14:23]} as a key step in organizing a new church and instructs Titus to appoint others.^{[Tit 1:5]} Paul spoke directly to the elders in Acts ^{[Acts 20:17]} and warned them to "be on guard for themselves and for all the flock, among which the Holy Spirit has made them overseers, to shepherd the church of God which He purchased with His own blood."^[^{Acts 20:28}^]

Terminology

The Christian office of "elder" is drawn from the word's various uses in the Bible. In many instances, particularly in the Old Testament, it has reference to the older men in a tribe, usually entrusted with the governmental affairs^{[Exod 3:16]}^[4:29]^[12:21]^{[Josh 7:6]}^{[Ruth 4:2]}, whose counsel was frequently sought because of their age and experience. This was not necessarily a priesthood calling,^{[Gen 50:7]}^{[Ruth 4:2]}^{[Matt 15:2]}^{[Acts 4:5]} although the Aaronic Priesthood is listed as having ordained elders.^{[Exod 24:9-11]}^{[Num 11:16]} In the Septuagint, the word for Old Testament elders is presbuteros, as used in the New Testament for both Christian and Jewish leaders.^[^{citation needed}^] Various traditions in Christianity translate the underlying term differently depending on their particular doctrinal or practical view of the role. In the Moravian Church, an elder is referred to as a Helper.^[3]

In addition to presbuteros, there are two other words used in the New Testament to describe various aspects of this position of leadership: 'overseer' and 'shepherd': Peter draws the three concepts together in one passage: "Therefore, I exhort the elders among you... shepherd the flock of God among you, exercising oversight." ^{[1Pet 5:1-2]}^[^{Acts 20}^]

Presbuteros

Presbuteros (πρεσβύτερος, Greek word #4245 in Strong's) is the most commonly used term for elder in the New Testament, stemming from presbus, elderly.^[4] It is used with regard to the twelve apostles,^[^{citation needed}^] the seventy disciples^[^{citation needed}^] or others acting in a specific role of authority in a local assembly of Christians. It is used twenty-eight times in the Gospels and Acts of the members of the Jewish Sanhedrin and twelve times in Revelation of the representatives of the redeemed people of God. The remaining nineteen times the word is employed in Acts and the Epistles, it identifies the leaders in the local churches of the New Testament. While no specific age is given, the connotation of seniority and experience in this term emphasizes the nature of the position and the character of the person, implying maturity, dignity, experience and honor.^[5][6]

The modern English words "priest" or "presbyter" are derived etymologically from presbyteros.^[7]

The New Testament meaning is taken by some scholars as the Latin word Legate which describes the ancient classical function as a herald who represents the highest state office and might be a governor of a province.^[8]

Episkopos

Episkopos (ἐπίσκοπος, Greek word #1985 in Strong's) was a common word in the Greek culture for any official who acted as a superintendent, manager, overseer, controller, curator, guardian or ruler.^[9] It occurs only five times in the New Testament, once referring to Christ ^{[1Pet 2:25]} and the other four times to church leaders. The Authorised Version translates the word as "bishop", emphasizing the function of an elder as exercising authority and supervision "by divine placement, initiative and design."^[5] The overseer can sometimes be viewed as a lead elder or as just one of a plurality of elders.

Poimen[edit]

Poimen (ποιμήν, Greek word #4166 in Strong's) means shepherd,^[10] also translated as pastor^{[Eph 4:11]}. It is applied only once in the noun form and three times in the verb form in the New Testament in the context of church leaders. The term emphasizes the elder as one who tends, feeds, guides, protects and cares for his flock.^[5]

Responsibilities of elders

The New Testament offers more instruction regarding elders than on many other important church subjects such as the Lord's Supper, the Lord's Day, baptism or spiritual gifts,^[5] and their duties are laid out in several places. In the majority of the references, the word for elders is plural and word for church is singular,^[11][12] suggesting that the pattern in the early church was for a plurality of elders in each local church.^[13][14] These were to be shepherds to their flock, setting an example^{[1Pet 5:1-3]} - just like shepherds, they were to feed their flock^{[Acts 20:28]}, to work hard among them and to reprove where necessary^{[1Thes 5:12-13]} and to care for the spiritual and physical needs of church members.^{[Jas 5]} Elders are considered rulers over their flocks^{[1Tim 5:17]}^{[1Thes 5:12]} and their judgement to be submitted to,^{[Heb 13:17]} not so that they can be "lords over God's heritage,"^{[1Pet 5:3]} but because they are to give account to God for the spiritual character of their church.^{[Heb 13:17]}

Elders must to be able to teach and preach sound doctrine and rebuke those who are teaching error, so that false teaching doesn't creep into the church.^{[1Tim 5:17]}^{[Tit 1:9-13]} To this end, they are also to train and appoint others.^{[Acts 14:23]}^{[1Tim 4:14]}^{[Tit 1:5]} Above all, the elder is to serve with humility, remembering that their position is a picture of Christ as the chief shepherd.^{[1Pet 5:4]}

Qualifications

There are two key passages dealing with the qualifications of elders in the New Testament, 1Timothy 3:1-7 and Titus 1:6-9.^[13] The qualifications given by the Apostle Paul are as follows:

Blameless as a steward of God, above reproach
Faithful husband to his wife
Temperate, sober, vigilant
Sober-minded, prudent
Of good behaviour, orderly, respectable
Given to hospitality
Able to teach
Not given to wine
Not violent, not pugnacious
Patient, moderate, forbearing, gentle
Uncontentious, not soon angry or quick-tempered
Not covetous, not a lover of money
Rules his own house well, his children are faithful, not accused of rebellion to God
Not a novice or new convert
Has a good rapport or reputation with outsiders
Not self-willed
A lover of what is good
Just, fair
Holy, devout
Self-controlled
Hold firmly to the faithful message as it has been taught

Elders in the early church

Where elders are addressed in the writings of Paul and Peter, there is no inference of a monarchical episcopacy or single leaders in any of the New Testament-era churches,^{[1Pet 5:1-3]}^{[Phil 1:1]} and presbuteros and episkopos are used interchangeably. This was still the case later in the century: the writings of the Apostolic Fathers (such as 1 Clement and the Didache) continue to assert the apostolic authority of the bishops/presbyters as rulers of the church making no distinction between the two terms. The epistle does imply a degree of authority residing in the Bishop of Rome.^[15][16] Writing c.199, Tertullian claimed that Clement was ordained by Peter himself as bishop of Rome,^[17] and although tradition identifies him as the fourth pope (after Linus and Anacletus) the order is much disputed.^[18] According to the Liber Pontificalis, Linus and Anacletus were ordained with responsibility for the church at Rome and Clement for the church as a whole^[19]

Another of the Apostolic Fathers, Ignatius of Antioch, records that many churches had single bishops by the beginning of the second century, although the church at Rome was not one of them.^[20] This became the norm by the middle of the century.^[21] Ignatius distinguished the relationship between bishop, presbyters and diaconate typologically and in doing so referred to the practice of a single bishop in a church, separated from the body of presbyters and deacons:

In like manner let all men respect the deacons as Jesus Christ, even as they should respect the bishop as being a type of the Father and the presbyters as the council of God and as the college of Apostles. Apart from these, there is not even the name of a church. — Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallesians 3:1.

Distinctions in practice[edit]

Church governance is generally organized in one of three main types:

Episcopal polity, in which churches are governed in a hierarchical fashion, with the role of elders being fulfilled by external bishops. It is common in Anglican, Orthodox, Methodist, Lutheran and Roman Catholic churches, and was prevalent up to and after the Reformation.
Presbyterian polity, in which churches are governed on a denominational, geographical basis by committees of elders.
Congregational polity, in which each church is responsible for its own governance. Churches employing this method include Baptist, Congregational and Plymouth Brethren churches. Some churches are led by a pastor; some maintain a plurality of elders.

Baptists

Historically, Baptist churches do not recognize elder as a separate office from those of pastor or deacon; it is commonly considered a synonym of deacon or pastor.^[22] This is not universal in Baptist circles, however, and there are many Baptist churches which are elder-led. The Southern Baptist Convention does not prescribe an elder-led pattern, although a number of churches in this convention,^[13] and other Baptist branches (including Reformed Baptists) are governed by a group of elders. The functional term 'presbytery' has been utilized among Southern Baptists to denote their ordination council.^[23]

Churches of Christ[edit]

Main article: Churches of Christ § Congregational autonomy and leadership

Congregations referring to themselves as Churches of Christ believe that local congregations should be led by a plurality of biblically qualified elders.^[24][25] They base this on a conviction that congregations (and Christians in general) should attempt to follow the teachings of the New Testament wherever humanly possible.^[26] In accordance with the teachings of the Bible the Churches of Christ teach and practice that only males may serve as elders (female elders are not recognized), and must meet Biblical qualifications (generally I Timothy 3:1-7 and Titus 1:5-9 are the Biblical texts used to determine if a male is qualified to serve as elder).

In this regard, elders are accountable to each other and to God. The evangelist and the elders have the spiritual oversight of the congregation (e.g. withdrawing fellowship from a member who the elders consider to be wayward in doctrine and/or refuses to abide by the elders' counsel/decision in a matter) as well as administrative oversight (e.g. overseeing the congregation budget).

The elders will be assisted by deacons who, depending on the congregation, may have a specific area of non-spiritual service (e.g. finance, building and grounds, benevolence); the deacons are in all matters subservient to the elders. An elder may also be qualified to serve as a deacon (and, in some cases, may have previously served as a deacon before becoming an elder).

Depending on the congregation, the elders may rotate main preaching/teaching duties, or appoint one or more male persons (who may or may not be elders) to serve as the minister(s) for that congregation. If one person is assigned main preaching duties, he is never referred to as "Father" (based on Matthew 23:9, which states that the only Father a Christian has is in Heaven), nor is the individual referred to as "pastor" (due to belief that the one reference to "pastor" in Ephesians 4:11 is translated "shepherd" in all other cases, and in context either refers to Jesus Christ or to an elder; as stated above the person with main preaching duties may or may not be an elder) or "reverend" (due to belief that the one reference to this term in Psalm 111:9 refers to the reverence of God's name). Instead, common terms used are "evangelist", "preacher", "minister" (or "pulpit minister"; the latter may be used if the congregation has assistant or associate ministers over certain programs or functions), or "preaching elder" (if the person is also an elder).

Church of Scotland[edit]

Main article: Ministers and elders in the Church of Scotland

Governance in the Church of Scotland is based on presbyterian polity. There are several roles in the ministry including ministers of Word and Sacrament, chaplains, deacons and readers. Elders are another role, which is voluntary and un-salaried elders. They are ordained for life by the minister and Kirk Session of a parish, and carry out pastoral and local church government duties under the guidance of the minister. All elders are members of the Kirk session, and may train to chair the session, conduct funerals, preach and lead worship.^[28]

Congregational churches

Congregational churches are generally run by committee rule, and elders are one office which is appointed by the committee. The governance of each church is arranged with a system of checks and balances so that undue power is never given to one office or individual.

Lutheranism

An Elder in the Lutheran Church is a position of lay-service, concerned with the temporal and administrative affair of the congregation. In many congregations, elders are also charged with oversight of the pastor but exercising only that oversight given to every Christian in the congregation. They are also assigned to assist the pastor in the sacraments (the Eucharist and Baptism). In the Eucharist, the Elder may assist in the distribution. In Baptism, the Elder may hold the water or assist the pastor in other ways. Generally, an elder is not permitted to consecrate the bread and wine in the Eucharist, or perform Holy Absolution, as these acts are usually reserved for the pastor. An Elder helps brothers at each congregation.

However, many within the confessional wing of Lutheranism, see the term "elder" being used in such a way an unfortunate effect of Reformed (and broader Protestant) influence on the Lutheran Church. Elder (or Presbyteros, in the Greek) serving as a synonym for "Pastor" or "Priest", not unlike how Lutheran teaching also recognizes "episkopos" (Greek, meaning overseer), or bishop to be yet another synonym. Historic Lutheranism recognized a single office of Word and Sacrament being established directly by Christ (technically two, counting the uniquely Lutheran vocation of laity); all distinctions within nomenclature and structural ranking were purely "jure humano" (of human make). Thus making a distinction between "pastor" and "elder" would seem pointless, and using the term "lay elder" would be oxymoronic.

Methodism

Main article: Elder (Methodism)

An Elder - sometimes called a "Presbyter" - is someone who has been ordained by a bishop to the ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order, and Service. Their responsibilities are to preach and teach, preside at the celebration of the sacraments, administer the church through pastoral guidance, and lead the congregations under their care in service ministry to the world.^[30] The office of Elder, then, is what most people tend to think of as the pastoral, priestly, clergy office within the church. Indeed, even a Methodist Bishop is still an Elder who has been elected and consecrated by the laying on of hands to the office of Bishop (Bishop being understood as an office within the Presbyterate, not an order or separate level of ordination). In most of the denominations within Methodism, ordination to the office of Elder is open to both women and men.

Plymouth Brethren

Main article: Plymouth Brethren § No clergy

One of the key distinctions of Plymouth Brethren churches is the total rejection of the concept of clergy.^[31] In keeping with the doctrine of the priesthood of all believers, they view all Christians as being ordained by God to serve and therefore ministers. Leaders are chosen according to the qualifications found in 1Tim 3:1-7 and Tit. 1:6-9, and appointed by the Holy Spirit.^{[Acts 20:28]} Plymouth Brethren churches tend to have multiple elders based on the plural use of the word in reference to New Testament churches.

One branch of the Plymouth Brethren, the Exclusive Brethren, are so named for their practice of serving the Lord's Supper exclusively to those who are part of their own particular group, agreeing with them on various doctrinal positions.^[32] Most Exclusive Brethren groups believe the church to have been in ruins between the death of the apostles and their own time. Since no truly apostolic authority exists to appoint elders the church has none. Instead they recognize "leading brothers" who demonstrate maturity and leadership ability.^[^{citation needed}^]

Presbyterianism

Although practices in the Presbyterian Church vary internationally, typically the church recognises three offices within church polity: the minister, teaching elder or pastor, a bench of ruling elders, and deacons.^[33] The elders are "ordained lay" people and are appointed by and form the session, which is a ruling council for their congregation.

Roman Catholic Church

Members of the Catholic Church still use the Greek word Presbyter (πρεσβύτερος, presbuteros: "elder", or "priest" in Christian usage) to refer to priests (priest is etymologically derived from the Greek presbyteros via the Latin presbyter). Collectively, however, their "college" is referred to as the "presbyterium" (meaning "council of elders"), "presbytery", or "presbyterate."

The presbyterium is most visible during the ordination of new priests and bishops and the Mass of the Chrism (the Holy Thursday Mass) where the blessing of the oils used in the sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation, Anointing of the Sick, and Holy Orders takes place. They are also visible during other special liturgical functions such as the wake and burial of their bishop.

Reading: The General Public's Understanding of Elder

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