第四讲 中国神学的当代处境

第四讲 中国神学的当代处境

     ——当今中国的信仰结构

4.0. Introduction

4.0.1.  Four events of September 11th ? Two in 2001, and two in 2009;

4.0.2. Anti-U.S. demonstration in 1999 (thousands of Bosnians vs. a few of Chinese diplomats?);  Anti-Japanese demonstration in 2012(Japanese, or Chinese?);

4.0.3. One step away: from the irrational patriotism to the extreme statism! Something to do with beliefs in China.

 

4.0. 导言

4.0.1.  四个“9.11事件”——两个在 2001年, 两个在 2009年？

4.0.2.  1999年的反美示威——千千万万波斯尼亚人 vs. 几个中国外交官！2012年的反日示威—— 打日本人？打中国人？

4.0.3.  一步之遥——从民族主义“爱国主义”，到“国权主义”国家主义；与中国的信仰结构有关。

4.1. Working Definitions

4.1.1. A religious belief is a belief in the ultimate, or a belief in the supernatural or the

superhuman;

4.1.2. A non-religious belief is a belief in the non-ultimate, or a belief in the natural or

the human.

4.1. 工作定义

4.1.1. 宗教信仰，是对终极者的信仰，或者对超自然超人间者的信仰。

4.1.2. 非宗教信仰，是对非终极者的信仰，或者对自然或人间事物的信仰。

4.2. Religious Beliefs in China Today

4.2.1. Beliefs of the “Five Great Religions”:

    4.2.1.1. Buddhism:

1. Conditions of Hanchuan Fojiao (Buddhism in Han language), Zangchuan Fojiao (Tibetan Buddhism) and Nanchuan Fojiao (Theravada Buddhism);
2. Tensions between going to commercialization and politicization (hence corruption) on the one hand, and abiding by the tradition on the other;
3. Gaps between the upper and the lower, the rich and the poor, and the privileged and the powerless.

    

4.2. 当今中国的宗教信仰

4.2.1.  “五大宗教”的信仰:

    4.2.1.1. 佛教:

     a. 汉传佛教、藏传佛教、南传佛教的处境;

     b. 商业化和政治化（腐败）与坚守传统之间的张力;

     c. 上层与下层之间、富人与穷人之间、  有权有势者与无权无势者之间的鸿沟。

4.2.1.2. 道教:

     a. 衰落？复兴？两派？更多？

     b. 两极之间的距离？

     c.  人生哲学: 一种古老的歪曲？

4.2.1.3. Islam:

     a. Ten minority ethnic groups have all their members as Muslims ?

     b. Spreading to the Han people?

     c.  Increase of Christians in Xinjiang ?

4.2.1.3. 伊斯兰教:

     a. 回族与其他“全民信教”民族 ?

     b. 宗教与民族的关系？向汉人传播 ?

     c.  基督徒在新疆的增加 ?

4.2.1.4. 基督新教:

     a. “三自”教会 ?

     b. “家庭”教会?

     c. “每天开两个教会”

        vs. 每天拆两个十字架?

4.2.1.5. Catholicism:

     a. “Underground Church”?

     b. “Official Church”?

     c.  Bishops’ power contradicts states’ sovereignty today?

4.2.1.5. 基督公教:

     a. “地下”教会?

     b. “官方”教会?

     c. 今日“主教权力”还同“国家主权”矛盾吗?

 

4.2.2. Beliefs of the “ folk religions”

4.2.2.1. Suppressed in the “former 30 years” (1950s - 1970s);

4.2.2.2. Revived in the “latter 30 years”(1980s-2000s);

4.2.2.3. Quasi-religions ? Wenchang Dijun; Mazhu Worship….

4.2.2. “ 民间宗教”的信仰

4.2.2.1. “前30年”(1950年代–1970年代)的压制;

4.2.2.2. “后30年”(1980年代-2000年代)的复兴;

4.2.2.3. “准宗教” ?

    “文昌帝君”与“书生”;

    “妈祖崇拜”与“渔民”….

4.2.3. Beliefs of the “new religions”:

4.2.3.1. Do they exist in China today ?

4.2.3.2. How about their legal status ?

4.2.3.3. Different experiences:

    Bahaism

       Moonism….

4.2.3. “新兴宗教”的信仰:

4.2.3.1. 它们在当今中国存在吗 ?

4.2.3.2. 它们的法律地位如何 ?

4.2.3.3. 不同的经历:

    “巴哈伊信仰”

       “统一教会”……

4.2.4.  Beliefs of Confucianism ?

4.2.4.1. Philosophy, or religion ?

4.2.4.2. “to establish it as State Religion” ?

4.2.4.3. “Pseudo religion” ?

4.2.4.  “儒教”的信仰 ?

4.2.4.1. 宗教还是哲学 ?

4.2.4.2. “确立为国教” ?

4.2.4.3. 一个学术概念：非贬义的 

  “伪宗教” 。

4.3.Non-religious  Beliefs in China Today

4.3.1. “The Belief of the State”: Marxism or Communism

4.3.1.1. Championed and propagated by the Party, the only ruling and leading power of the State;     

4.3.1.2. Very familiar, still popular ? A political rhetoric;

4.3.1.3. Strictly speaking, that is a science rather than a belief, according to Marx and Engels.

4.3.当今中国的非宗教信仰

4.3.1. “国家的信仰”: 马克思主义或共产主义

    4.3.1.1. 由国家唯一的统治和领导力量即共产 党支持并传播;     

4.3.1.2. 从小灌输，非常熟悉; 政治修辞，政治正确；

4.3.1.3. 按马克思恩格斯的理论，是科学而非信仰。

4.3.2. “The Belief of the Nation ”, or beliefs of the nationals ?

4.3.2.1. Variety of religious beliefs;

4.3.2.2. Variety of quasi or pseudo religious beliefs;

4.3.2.3. Variety of non-religious beliefs:

1. Fortune-telling, Fengshui…,
2. Adoration of wealth, power ...,
3. Relentless and endless pursuit , by fair means or foul, of privilege, fame, luxury,erotism and idolatry in pop music and sports..., etc.. 

4.3.2. “民族的信仰 ”, 或国民的信仰：

4.3.2.1. 宗教信仰的多样性;

4.3.2.2. 准宗教和伪宗教信仰的多样性;

4.3.2.3. 非宗教信仰的多样性——

        a. 相信算命、风水、手相、星象……,

        b. 崇拜财富、美貌、权力、地位、艺术、音乐……,

        c. 无休无止、不择手段地追求特权、名声、奢侈、色情，狂热地追捧歌星、影星、体育明星……. 

4.3.3. “The Belief in the State”: Statism ; Guoquanzhuyi vs Minquanzhuyi (Sun Yat-sen!)

4.3.3.1. The state power overwhelming the sovereignty and rights of the people (Lincoln!)

4.3.3.2.Originated in “Spring and Autumn”,established as the institution in Qin, culminated nowadays.

4.3.3.3.The only entity with the highest and strongest power that people could see on earth is the state, the only “son of God” they could know is the ruler, hence the statism, out of power idolatry.      So, belief in the state, if no belief in God!

4.3.3. “对国家的信仰”：国家主义或“国权主义”（vs.“民权主义”——孙中山 )

4.3.3.1. 国家权力压倒人民的主权和权利（林肯“三民”主义之颠倒）；

4.3.3.2.作为制度，起源于 “春秋战国”, 确立于秦朝,完备于当代 ；

4.3.3.3. 当人民在地上能够看见的最高最有力的唯一实体，是国家, 能够知道的唯一的 “天子”，是国家统治者,由此，出于崇拜权力的软弱人性，就有了国家主义或国权主义。因此, 若没有对上帝的信仰，就会有对国家的信仰!

4.4. Epilogue

The ideological situation facing Chinese theologians today is Complex and confusing; Difficult and challenging; Demanding and promising !

4.4. 结语

中国神学的当代处境是复杂而又令人混淆的（Complex and confusing）; 艰难而又富于挑战的（Difficult and  challenging）;要求很高而又充满希望的（Demanding and promising） !