Video Transcript: Lesson 3

 

Unit 01 03 Introduction and Early Mesopotamia

 

Hello, welcome again to the Christian leaders Institute World History One on one course, the beginnings of civilization to 1500 ad. My name is Rich Hamstra. And it's my privilege to be the instructor of this course. Today is the third session. And my agenda is to try to get through the Assyrian Empire, the collapse of 1200 BC, some mention of the Treaty of cash. And I hope we can get into a little bit of the story of early India. That's a lot of places and a lot of times but we'll move try to move right along. Along the way, we'll also see some interaction of how particularly with the Assyrian empire that comes out in the Old Testament. Here are some of the reading assignments for the third session, you'll see that there's an article on the Assyrian Empire, also an article entitled Babylon. But the article helpfully backs up with the Assyrians, Chaldeans and Nebuchadnezzar the second. Previously, you've read the Old City and Hobby Lobby and from that article, so you just continue on, and then reading assignments that comes from the Bible and Second Kings chapter 15, verses 27 to 31, as well as chapters 17 through 20. I'd like you to take a look at Isaiah eight, one through eight, as well as Isaiah chapters 36 through 37. So those are all part of the reading assignment relative to the Assyrian Empire. The map in front of us shows the Assyrian Empire, and this is at its greatest extent, the darker green is an earlier period. And like all empires, it grows and fades and grows and fades and grows and fades. The dark green part is where they were pretty consistently in control the whole time. The lighter green part is places where they control that one period over or another, mostly toward the end of the Assyrian Empire. We saw last time was sewer. Primarily the main cities we're down here in the Delta region or the area where the Tigris and Euphrates come closer together. Today we move up the Tigris, and, specifically to centers like Minerva and Asher are critical places. So the chief cities or the Assyrian Empire are Asher and Nimrod and Nineveh, Nineveh is late built later on, in the time period, probably around the year 800 or so before Christ. It's built specifically as a Capitol. And as a primary religious center. The chief god of the Assyrians is goes by the name of Asher, a sky god, but also very much a war god. You should know from the beginning that the Assyrians were a warrior people, military culture, and they were conquerors. They were known as being ruthless in war. It's not that war is ever non violent. But they were particularly mean particularly ruthless and what they did one of their one of their tactics. And about the first instance that we know of this tactic is that when they would conquer people, often they would deport many of the leading people, the rulers, the mayors, prominent business people, prominent farmers, they would take them in their families. Sometimes they would mutilate them, blind them or Lane them. But they would take them and move them to another place within a cigarette empire and take other people and put them where the first people came from. That way they mixed the populations dramatically during this Assyrian Empire, as I said about the first set, we know of that sort of tactic. Presumably what that mixture allows them to do is to keep people from becoming too organized or too traditional, or looking back on their past leaders. It keeps them from developing rebellion.

 

In other words the Assyrians had two major flows. Pretty soon we'll talk a little bit about the Hittites, but their main antagonists, the The other empire that they passed with was mostly Egypt. And later in this course, we'll spend some time with Egypt. This is the one of the first major at what I would call international conflicts. In the Middle East. The Assyrians, were a superpower. And so were the Egyptians. And they were constantly at battle with each other. This lasted over centuries. Most of the time, the battle was not the battles were not fought in either Egypt, or in the Assyrian homeland. But they were fought on the borders. Later on in the empire, and like I said, there's a different phases to Assyria, we'll talk mostly about the final or near the end stages. But later in the empire, they began to administer their large empire with distinct administrative units, we might call them counties or states or the like provinces. And this, again, is a new thing on this course of history, to divide their empire up into various segments and put people in charge of them and say, You're in charge of this group, and you're in charge of this group, and you're in charge of this group. You're their Regional Governor. And that practice was taken over by the people who follow the Assyrians called the Neo Babylonians. And the people who followed them called the Persians and the people who followed them, eventually, the Greeks under Alexander. So this sort of arrangement in the Persian Empire, they call them satraps. If you come across that term in Scripture, that's where it originates. Now let's look specifically at the interaction of a Syria with Israel and Judah, that is, the two nations that we find in the Scripture

 

is very important to know, I think, and to be aware of we talked earlier about assumptions, perspective and context as being what what we really need to grasp out of the study of history. The Bible contains lots of historical information, talks lots of here about the Assyrians. But it is primarily not a book of history is it? You will notice, as it talks about these Assyrians, how it is really much more in the Bible's much more interested in the relationship that the people have with God, and what the kings have with the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The Bible is primarily a Thiel centric book, that is, it centers on God and not on the nations and their rulers and the wars and the politics. But all that stuff is in there, and described in one way or another. Pardon that pause, we had a little technical issue that we needed to deal with. So we're going to talk now about how as Syria in the script is presented in the scripture in relationship with Israel in Judah, at least a little bit of that story. And that's part of the assigned readings that was shown earlier in the Bible, important texts that relate to that are in Second Kings chapter 15. And then chapters 17 through 20, as well as in the book of Isaiah, eight to chapter eight, verses one through eight, and chapters 36 through 37. A shorter version of this is found in Second Chronicles 32, verses one through 23. And I should say here that the first 39 chapters of the book of Isaiah, are all in this context of Assyria Conquering the region. Now, I have to assume that you understand that in the story of God's people, there was a time in which there was a United Kingdom. That is the 12 tribes come in. Under Moses, there's a conquest under Joshua, there's a period of the Judges and then comes the Kings solid first, but then under David, there is a unification of the northern tribes and the southern tribes. Prior to that they had been set and often at war with each other, the North and the South, with Jerusalem as the capital in the south. And, of course, the temple is built there. And that is the nation of Judah. In the north, the capital is the city of scenario. And that is known as the kingdom of Israel, to us in the Bible, sometimes referred to as Ephraim. When the Scripture talks about Zion, it's talking about various places, but it's talking about what goes on in Judah and in the south. Well, what we see here, without understanding and they, they have separate histories, Judah, and Israel, the North and the South has separate stories. In the south, there is on the throne, the king is a descendant of David. But in the north, it goes through many different families, many different struggles. And there's one assassination of a king after another after another. The North is much larger, geographically, has many more people, is much more fertile, that has the whole Jezebel Valley in it, which is a very fertile place of grain and animals and trees. Judah, in contrast, is on the edge of the desert, and is not nearly as fertile or not nearly as wealthy doesn't have nearly the population. I think, particularly as myself, you've been raised with the stories of the Bible.

 

But even I think if we read those later, when we read biblical history, it is easy. I've talked to a number of people who have the notion that Israel and Judah, the story of God's people, because that's what we hear all the time, is really the center of history is really a tremendously important place in the ancient Middle East, is really the story that changes how the nations all around work and act and their destinies. Well, if that's just not accurate, historically, theologically, that is certainly true. That historically, the land of Palestine, as we call it are Israel and Judah is not very significant. They have important times during Solomon time, great expansion, a United Kingdom. During the father of Ahab, King Ahab was King in the North in Israel, his father's arm, right? That seems to be a very expanding time. And important time is very effective neighbors around them didn't call Israel Israel, they call that arm Rylands after Ahab's father. But for the most part, neither Israel nor Judah are significant players in the political, military, and economic development of the Middle East. They do, however, have one important feature. To the east is nothing but desert. You cannot march armies through the desert. On the west, you have the sea. And you can march armies up and down the coast. What the Romans called the VL, Mari the way of the sea. And you will also have an inland route, basically going up to Jordan Valley, where you can bring armies through there as well and have food for them and make it so I think it actually survived the march. So you see, Israel and Judah, particularly Israel, becomes strategically important for the movement of armies. If we want to think of Israel, as primarily the doormat of the superpowers of the Assyrians, and of Egypt and later the Babylonians at Egypt, and later the Persians and Egypt, that's pretty accurate. They're marched through time and time and time again. And so whoever controls that region controls access to where the battles are fought normos all the battles between the superpowers are fought to the north of Israel, in what is today, northern Syria, and Turkey, southern Turkey. I think that's important to understand Israel's place and Judas place among the nations. They are not threats to the superpowers. They are kingdoms that lie in the way of the marching of their armies, back and forth. There's also some wealth there and so it's not uncommon that a conqueror will come in and loot what they can from the nations that are conquered. We read that over and over. So in First Kings chapter 15, we get one of the early references to the Assyrians.

 

In this passage, the King in the North whose name is pika, and the king in the south is as I read in the 52nd reading, first gains 15 Savers 27 in the 52nd year of his Ira king of Judah pika, son of Rama Leia became king of Israel in some area and he reigned 20 years. Pika is a king, you should know something about important in the book of Isaiah, for instance, this pika, he did evil in the eyes of the Lord, He did not turn from the sins of Jeroboam, sort of the bat which he caused Israel to commit. You when you read the Book of Kings, you hear that over and over and over about the northern kings. Jeroboam was the first remember Jeroboam and Rehoboam split in the kingdoms with North and South Jeroboam in the north. Jeroboam set up idols to the gods of the Canaanites, the bales, and the Astros and others. And this charge of idolatry comes up time and time and time again, about the 10 tribes of the North. The time of peak a king of Israel, tigress, fileserver, king of Assyria came and took and then there's a list of cities I on Abel, Beth box, John, hola. kennish Hyzaar took Gilead and Galilee including all the land of Napa ally, and deported the people to Israel refer to as a Syria. Remember I mentioned earlier that the deportation of people was one of the tactics that the Assyrians employed, here we have that the people of Israel are taken away, or at least some of them well, as the story goes on, we learned that the North becomes a tribute paying vassal state and by vassal state, I mean, they still have their own king and they still have their own rulers, but they are not independent of Assyria. They have to pay heavy tribute, heavy money, heavy taxes, in order to stay in the good graces of TIG laughs Phil user. This is probably around the year 733 BC. about that same time. Judah becomes a the southern kingdom also becomes a vassal pain state with King Ahaz in Judah. In return. The Assyrians help Judah defeat their northern neighbors, Israel and their northern neighbors of Israel is Syria. Those two have joined together in a coalition. They want Judah to join them because they want to rebel against Assyria. Judah wants nothing to do with this. And Ahaz says no, no, no. Well, reason who is the Syrian leader and pika, the Judah leader, they waged war against Jerusalem. Jerusalem cries out to Assyria for help. And as Syria comes and destroys both Syria to the north, and Israel. Again, that's when tigress Eleazer is the ruler. In historical terms, this is actually teaghlach Police are the third earlier rulers of Assyria Rasul know by that same name. Second Kings 16 He records the story of when King Ahaz you know, after the threat has gone and Assyria has taken care of reason and pick up. Second Kings 16 records that he has goes to Nineveh, the king of Judah, goes to visit the emperor in Nineveh, and he has is so impressed with the temples there to Asher, and to the other gods, that he has his own architects. He has architect draw up within those temples, he brings that back has those religious items made and installed in the temple of the Lord in Jerusalem. Second Kings 615 That you are again asked to read, comes about

 

quite a bit later in times 717 BC or so. And there we see the final disposition of what happens to Israel. Hosea is king of Israel, and he again and tries to get away from being under the power of Assyria. So he applies to Egypt. Hosea says to Egypt, hey, I'll be your vassal if you come and kick the Assyrians out of the land of Israel. Well, when the Syrian Emperor hears this, and that's shower man ever, when shall man ever hears this? He attacks Israel captures and destroys scenario. And then finally has a great mass deportation of the Israelites at a resettlement of other kinds of people in the land of Israel. These people live there for generations. They adopt some of the ways of following the Lord, the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jaipur, but not all of the ways. They established their own worship center on Mount Gerizim. They're in some area. And even as far away as the New Testament, we're talking seven 800 years. Even as far away as the New Testament, there has there was a growing anger and resentment of the people in Judah against these Samaritans. The people of Judah thought of themselves as racially and religiously, pure God followers, pure Israelites. And they thought of the Samaritans as people of mixed breed and mixed religion that speaks even in the New Testament. When you hear about the good Jesus parable of the Good Samaritan, the people in Jerusalem could hardly imagine how can there be a good Samaritan, it did not exist Samaritans are wrapped. Or we read about this Jesus, journeying through some era, and the woman at the well, John chapter four. All of that is important background to understand the biblical text, it helps us understand these people lived with all sorts of prejudices, and all sorts of hatreds and racial anger that went deep, deep, deep into their lives. This is also the time of the fabled diaspora when the 10 tribes of Israel virtually are gone. In the annals of history, we don't know what happens to them. They're deported. They're shipped to various places all over in the Assyrian Empire, and they just merge with the different religions and different cultures that are there. They're, they're lost. They're lost to history. If this were a book about American history, we were talking about the Book of Mormon, and how it understands the last 10 tribes, but that's for some time in the future. As far as we know, historically, the 10 tribes are gone. And Israel no longer exists. Not the Israel of scenario. All that exists now is Judah, just the area around Jerusalem? But even that area has threads First, Second Kings a team is a story about sadaqa rib, who is now the emperor, the king of Assyria. And he is on his way to do battle with the Egyptians. Guess what, but along the way, he discovers that that Judah has a fabulously rich temple. And so he goes, and he's, he wants to conquer that land. And he does. He takes many of the fortified cities he takes, takes control, but he doesn't. And Hezekiah, who is the king of Judah, begins to pay heavy tribute and heavy taxes to Sennacherib.

 

But it's not enough. And so sadaqa robe, lay siege to the city of Jerusalem 1000s and 1000s of troops, chariots, warriors, horses, surround the city with the intention of starving it out. Well, part of your reading is, Second Kings 1819 and 20. Will you'll hear the story of what happens to Jerusalem. It is historically the case that the Assyrians did not overwhelm Jerusalem. That was one little island that they never were able to conquer. You'll notice that that is very much as you read the text plays a contest of the gods, Sonata ribs Gods against Judas God, who will win, who will show Himself to be the greater of the gods. You'll also note that in that passage, they they try the Assyrians tried to intimidate the people who lived in Jerusalem by telling them how bad conditions are going to be, how rotten it is for them, and how they should tell Hezekiah that he should surrender to the Assyrians. And they do this outside the city walls. And they they make their proclamations in Hebrew, the language that the people would understand those ambassadors from Judah who hear them speaking, say to them, stop talking in Hebrew will speak to us in Arabic. That's the language of diplomacy. That's the language that you understand. And we understand that the people don't understand. We don't want you to be scaring them. Well, of course, the Assyrian said, no, no, we will speak to them in Hebrew. It's one of the early references to the language called Aramaic, which becomes the language of the entire Middle East, for hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of years, including down to the days of Jesus. So undoubtedly, Jesus and his disciples spoke Aramaic, a form of this. There's a little bit of the Bible that's written in Aramaic, about half the book of Daniel, and there's some references in the book of Ezra, the rest is written in Hebrew. That's the Old Testament. And lastly, just let me note that this conflict with a Syria in this context of the Assyrian Empire, impinging upon Israel and Judah is also the background for the book of Jonah. Remember, Jonah is told by God that he should go to Nineveh? Well, that's like, telling you take the good news to your absolute worst enemy. Go to the place that has beleaguered you that has besieged do that has deported you that has threatened you go to those people and tell them, This is what the Lord God says, no wonder Jonah goes the opposite direction, he doesn't go to Nineveh, he goes west. He goes as far as he can, and he gets on a boat because he wants to get away from this obligation to bring God's word to his enemies. The book of Jonah is primarily a book about the prophet who finds out that is exactly what God is calling him to, to bring God's word to his enemies. And sure enough, it becomes a word of forgiveness. As one of my teachers was fond of saying, is that just like the Lord, to act in love? This is a big You're in the loop I believe. My wife walking through the gates of a Syria, these are Syrian images. The King is presented as one who is godlike and has godlike powers. When you walk through there, you are walking into the presence

 

of God on earth. Well, in the middle of 600 BC, following intense time, civil wars and a real depletion of resources, by the way, that those two factors occur over and over and over with many, many empires that we're going to talk about, there becomes a civil unrest, that strong opposition parties, sometimes with violence, and sometimes otherwise, but there's Civil War, and the Empire has extended itself too far. It no longer has the resources to take care of the borders. And once the borders start to fall and crumble, that empire is on its way out. The Assyrian Empire Empire Falls to the leaders who are from Babylon. That's where the opposition comes. And one of the early leaders of that opposition and early Babylonian leaders. These are now that Neil Babylonians, his novel Palazzo, will come back to Babylon, a new empire is born. And again, significant interaction in the Old Testament with Nebuchadnezzar and some of the other Babylonian emperors. Well, that brings us with regard to Babylon, to about 600 BC it's necessary to back up about 600 years and talk about the collapse that occurred in the Mediterranean area around the year 1200. Before Christ. The reading assignment that you see there is about the Late Late Bronze Age collapse, as well as an article on the sea peoples. And you this is a sign readings for which you are accountable. So around the year 1200 BC, throughout the eastern Mediterranean region, and that includes places like Greece and Turkey and Syria and Palestine and Egypt, but also goes into North Africa. There's some some influence even as far as the eastern coast of Spain and southern France, basically all around the Mediterranean, but especially in the eastern part of the Mediterranean region, there is a rapid decline of many well established cities and cultures. In the Greek islands, created Cyprus, the cultures of the Minoans and the Mycenaeans, whom I wish we had time to look at, but we really don't know they were far advanced cultures suddenly seem to disappear. We're going to talk about a little bit the Hittite Empire, just to notice them. But right at this time, suddenly they're gone within within 10 years. They're overwhelmed and great empires fall to dust and are not reestablished. There's a vacuum of power in Palestine and Syria. And that's one reason why the Assyrians can now move in and the Egyptians can move up and have great sway there. And in Egypt itself, there's a series of wars that happen. And we'll talk about that when we get to the sea people. So there is a there, there is a what was called the Dark Age. That follows for a few 100 years, we don't have much in terms of archaeology, we don't have virtually anything except something from Egypt, in writing of what goes on during that period of time. It's as if civilization collapses. Now there are a number of factors that people point to. Often they point to that this was extremely volatile time in the environment. Volcanoes seem to be very active in the region, flooding seems to be very active in the region. This is a period in which there is a huge deforestation, and the deserts grow dramatically. People are cut loose from their ancestral homes and ancestral cultures.

 

There is great technological revolution that goes on actually, the advanced and sailing is very important. And suddenly you have people who can move around the Mediterranean not just traveling overland, but also building larger and larger ships that they're able to row and cross the Mediterranean or at least go to various places. There's technological improvement in the arts of war, particularly the chariot is a very significant the war chariot. There's a driver, and usually someone with spears or bow and arrow, who is the armor who fires from the chariot and chariots are used extensively in this period of time. So there's real technological revolution. But the technology leads to the destabilization of the region, rather than the stabilization. This results in a huge population of refugees. And advanced migration during this period of time, people are on the move throughout the Eastern Mediterranean. And we'll see that one of those peoples is called the Sea people. The name indicates we don't know very much about them, except that they come from the sea. And we really only know about them from Egyptian hieroglyphics and Egyptian Egyptian references. They seem to be refugees, from lands that have fallen or lands that have can no longer support them. They also are often mercenaries, they're very warlike people who come in search of finding a new homeland and often taking that by force. And so they are invaders. They have tremendous influence throughout the Mediterranean coastal regions all the way from Greece down to Egypt, that also into current day, North Africa, perhaps Spain, and even into Southern France. So there's very little written about them, and very little evidence. And so we just know, they are mysterious about who they all are. But clearly, they are a significant force that topples mighty empires and destabilizes others, out of all the empires, only Egypt in the late new kingdom period. And I'm sorry, we have to use that term at this point. And we haven't talked about Egypt yet. But when we do, you'll, you'll see the different kingdom periods, only Egypt survives, and that only after a series of costly wars, with the sea people driving them back. A serious survives, it's quite aways to the east. And then when the sea people do stabilize things is when they really Assyrians really began to control and grow beyond just the Tigris Euphrates and go up into Turkey, and out into Palestine. So we should understand that this is a period of time of great migration, and a great destabilization when the super powers were sort of at their lowest. And this, interestingly, is about the time of the Exodus of Moses from Egypt, and the conquest of Palestine by Joshua and the United Kingdom, established under David, right around this period of time. I'm not suggesting that these were sea peoples. All I'm suggesting is that you note that during this period of time in which the biblical stories occur, there is widespread destabilization of all the imperial powers, none could prevent, none could stop the kind of migration and kind of conquests that we see in Moses, Joshua, and David. Also want to just take a little break here and talk about the importance of the Egyptian and the Hittite. Empire in the years 1400 to 1200 years before Christ. And I have a very specific reason for doing that. We have not talked about the Hittite Empire. It's one of those empires, we just had to let go because time is so short, but you'll see here in Asia Minor, for country of Turkey, that around 1400 to 1200, and actually, prior to 1400. A significant empire gets established by a group that we call the Hittites. Their capital is Tusa. And it still exists today in western Turkey.

 

They extended their powers down all the way into current Syria and had the city of carga mash becomes a very important place. They, their their great phone, they fought the Assyrians some, but their greatest foe was always Egypt. And they fought the Egyptians over control of this area there's an important battle that occurs called the Battle of Kadish. It occurs around the year 1259 BC. And in this battle, it is significant that it it has not won by either side. They find it to a draw. And in this draw the king of Egypt and who is Ramsey's the great, and the king of the Hittites create a new thing. It's called a treaty, an international treaty. This is now obviously, nothing arises out of nothing. And so there you're probably existing laws and existing words existing treaties prior to this, but this is the first one that we have recorded. The first one we have recorded between two equals. So we decided that they will rather than fight that they will have peace and they will become allies. Empires allied with each other. Under this peace treaty of Kadish, that becomes tremendously important. I thought I would just read you a little bit of it. You'll see copy on the screen a little bit of the the text of the Treaty of Kadish, it isn't there for you to notice in detail, but just to see its direction. The treaty includes a what are called divine witnesses, so that it isn't really just a treaty between the king of Egypt and the king of the Hittites. It's really a treaty between their gods. They're speaking on behalf of their gods and saying what their gods will do. You'll see that and I'm just going to go down near the end. We'll pick it up here, the queen of the sky, the gods, the Lords of O's this goddess, the lady of the ground, the lady of oath, is hard. It's like Ishtar, the lady of the mountains and the rivers in the lands of Haiti. That's the Hittites call themselves. The gods of the land are the kids who wander off Aman. The Ray says, the male gods, the female gods, the mountains, and the rivers of the land of Egypt, the sky, the Earth, the great sea, the winds and the clouds. All of these are now brought into witness. So it isn't just between a couple of kings. It is between the gods of these two lines that the gods will not cause war, to be fought between them. And then this very significant. Next paragraph, the curses and blessings of this treaty. Note this. Just wonder if you haven't heard language like this before. As we these words, which are on the tablet of silver, of the land of Haiti, and of the land of Egypt, the original treaty after it was made. Cut is the word that they used after the Treaty was cut, then they would carve it in stone. They also had carvings made in silver. As for him who shall not keep them. So if you break this treaty 1000 gods of the land of Haiti together with 1000, gods of the land of Egypt, so destroy his house, his land and his servants. But as for him, who shall keep these words, which are this tablets of silver, whether they are Haiti, or whether they are Egyptians, so if you're Hittite, or you're Egyptian, if you break this, the gods of these lands will come after you and curse you in your house and your descendants in your future. But if you keep keep them, the gods of the Hittites and the gods of the Egyptians will come and bless you forever.

 

So if you keep them and they are not and you are The person that not neglectful of them 1000 gods of the lands of Haiti together with 1000, gods of the lands of Egypt, so cause that he be well, so cause that he shall live together with his house and his land, and his servants. Well, historians have observed that there is a certain formula that goes on a certain technique to writing these treaties, which are also called covenants. And what are the important things is that, in that in those different kinds of trees, it makes a big difference what your relationship is between the two partners. The Treaty of Kaddish, as I mentioned, is between two equals Egypt and Hittite. But there are lots of other kinds, there is the king and his vassal, there is between one who grants, and one who receives these are different kinds of covenants that existed throughout the ancient Middle East, consistently in a covenant. In these treaties, there is a call upon the gods, or the gods, and stipulation of the terms. Here's what we'll do, this is what you'll do, here are the promises, here are the threats, and there are blessings and curses that are called down if violated, and those blessings and curses are all enforced by the gods, or God. So, it is a case that scholars have observed that most if not all, the covenants that we find in the Old Testament, and there are a number of them, including the 10 commandments, in significant ways, follow this formula follow this pattern, that into blessings and cursings calling upon the God to guide by God to enforce and to keep track of that pattern has been noticed by a number of scholars was married a scholar by the name of Meredith Klein, K Li and he, as one of the leaders. This is a copy this though this is a tablet of the Treaty of cash that was found it's not silver, but it is in baked clay. And it is now I think in museum in Istanbul. However, there is a copy of this treaty of Kaddish a copy of this on display prominently in the United Nations building in New York City. It's there to remind the people that peace is possible. I think that rather than go into early India, we will conclude our third session here today. And I look forward to seeing you next time where we'll pick up early India and I hope, China. Thank you. Hope you have a wonderful day. God bless you. See you later.